
<rss version="2.0">
	<channel>
		<title>Deutsch</title>
		<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52057</link>
		<description></description>
		<language>en</language>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 23:21:00 UTC</pubDate>
		
				<item>
					<title><![CDATA[Useful Links]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52088</link>
					<description><![CDATA[     
This section of the website provides various useful links for
travellers to Ireland.


Useful Links for Travellers to Ireland


For information about working and living in Ireland



Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform


Revenue Commissioners


Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment


Immigrant Council of
Ireland



For information about studying in Ireland



International Education Board
Ireland


Union of Students in Ireland



For information about visiting Ireland as a tourist



Tourism Ireland


National Tourism Development
      Authority


Department of Arts, Sport and
      Tourism


Shannon Development



For information about establishing a business in Ireland



Industrial Development Authority


Enterprise Ireland


Shannon Development


An Bord Bia


Bord Iascaigh Mhara – Sea Fisheries Board


Ask Ireland



Please consult the authorities of your own country about any
aspects of travelling abroad which they regulate.

]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 11:09:44 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Tage, an denen die Botschaft geschlossen ist]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52063</link>
					<description><![CDATA[
Staats- und Nationalfeiertage


An folgenden Tagen ist die Botschaft geschlossen:





2013





Neujahr


01.01.2013




Karfreitag


29.03.2013




Ostermontag


01.04.2013




Staatsfeiertag


01.05.2013




Christi Himmelfahrt


09.05.2013




Pfingstmontag


20.05.2013




Fronleichnam


30.05.2013




Mari&#228; Himmelfahrt


15.08.2013




Allerheiligen


01.11.2013




Christtag


25.12.2013




Stephanitag


26.12.2013













]]></description>
					<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jan 2013 12:00:46 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Über die Botschaft]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52059</link>
					<description><![CDATA[
&#214;ffnungszeiten


Die Botschaft von Irland in &#214;sterreich ist von Montag bis Freitag
von 09.00 – 17.00 besetzt.
F&#252;r Parteienverkehr ist das B&#252;ro von 09.30 – 12.30.


Adresse und Kontakt


Botschaft von Irland
Rotenturmstrasse 16 – 18 /5. Stock
1010 Wien
&#214;sterreich


Tel: (+43 1) 715 42 46
Fax: (+43 1) 713 60 04
E-mail: Bitte hier Ihre Anfrage senden


Erreichbarkeit:


Die Botschaft befindet sich in der
Rotenturmstrasse, zwischen Stephansplatz und
Schwedenplatz.
N&#228;chstgelegene U-Bahnstationen (Metro) sind Stephansplatz
(U1 und U3) und Schwedenplatz (U1 und U4). Von beiden
Stationen sind es ca. 5 Minuten Fu&#223;weg zur Botschaft.


Diplomatisches Personal


Botschafter – S.E. James Brennan
Erster Sekret&#228;r –Gerard McCoy


Zweiter Sekret&#228;r - Ian Devine
ErsteSekret&#228;rin – Anna McGillicuddy

]]></description>
					<pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2012 09:23:16 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Visa Fees]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52089</link>
					<description><![CDATA[   
A standard processing fee is payable at the time of submission of a
visa application, except in the cases outlined below *. This
fee is non-refundable, regardless of whether the visa application
is approved, rejected or pending decision at the intended date of
travel. Current fees are as follows:


Single Journey Visa

€60.00
Multiple Journey Visa ** €100.00
Transit
€25.00

Personal callers at the Embassy may pay the applicable fee in
cash. Under no circumstances should cash be sent by post, and
the Embassy will not accept any responsibility in such cases.
In cases where the applicant cannot visit the Embassy, it is
recommended that payment be made by bank transfer, to the following
account, ensuring that proof of payment - copy of the stamped
transfer slip - is enclosed with the application.






Bank




Bank Austria






Account Name




Embassy of Ireland






Bank Account Number




0062 333 6500






Bank Sort Code  (BLZ)




12000






BIC




BKAUATWW






IBAN




AT80 1100 0006 2333 6500






Reason for payment / Verwendungszweck




Please insert “Visa” and the name of the applicant







* Please note that visas are issued free-of-charge to
spouses, partners and children of EU/ EEA/ Swiss citizens and to
nationals of the following countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Ecuador, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro, Morocco, Peru,
Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zambia.


** Please note that multiple journey visas are usually only issued
to visa applicants who have previously held and used two single
journey visas for Ireland. Multiple journey visas are not normally
issued for tourism purposes

]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 04 Oct 2012 14:38:21 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Irland in Österreich]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52058</link>
					<description><![CDATA[
HERZLICH WILLKOMMEN!


Herzlich willkommen auf der Website der Botschaft von Irland in
&#214;sterreich.


Die Beziehungen zwischen Irland und &#214;sterreich sind in der
Geschichte tief verwurzelt. Wir erinnern an die reichhaltige
Vielfalt historisch-kultureller Verbindungen zwischen Irland und
&#214;sterreich und sind stolz auf die Beitr&#228;ge zur Erziehung und
Entwicklung in &#214;sterreich im Mittelalter durch irische Heilige wie
Columban in Bregenz, Fergal (Virgil) in Salzburg und Colman
(Koloman), der heute mit dem Benediktinerstift Melk in
Nieder&#246;sterreich in Verbindung gebracht wird. Wir feiern auch
unsere andauernden Beziehungen mit dem Schottenstift in Wien,
welches von irischen M&#246;nchen (Scoti) im 12. Jahrhundert gegr&#252;ndet
wurde und wo noch immer jedes Jahr am 17. M&#228;rz St. Patrick’s Day
gefeiert wird. Wir erinnern uns auch an weitere sp&#228;tere
Verbindungen mit &#214;sterreich, als im 17. Jahrhundert irische
politisch Verbannte, die „Wild Geese“, nach &#214;sterreich kamen und
f&#252;r ihre Dienste auf h&#246;chster Ebene in den Armeen und am Hof des
Habsburgerreiches hohes Ansehen erwarben. 


In j&#252;ngster Zeit wurden die Beziehungen zwischen Irland und
&#214;sterreich durch die gemeinsame Mitgliedschaft in der Europ&#228;ischen
Union und durch &#228;hnliche Blickwinkel betreffend vieler europ&#228;ischer
und internationaler Themen gest&#228;rkt. Die Entwicklung der irischen
Wirtschaft in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat auch f&#252;r die
Entwicklung der irisch-&#246;sterreichischen Wirtschafts- und
Handelsbeziehungen neue M&#246;glichkeiten er&#246;ffnet.


Mehr als alles andere jedoch zeigen sich die engen Verbindungen
zwischen Irland und &#214;sterreich t&#228;glich durch die pers&#246;nlichen
Kontakte der Menschen beider L&#228;nder, ob als Touristen, im Sport, im
kulturellen oder wirtschaftlichen Bereich. Jedes Jahr genie&#223;en
tausende Iren ihre Besuche in &#214;sterreich, und viele haben dieses
Land zu ihrer zweiten Heimat gemacht. Ebenso ist Irland seit vielen
Jahren ein beliebtes Reiseziel f&#252;r &#214;sterreicher, welche die
Gastfreundlichkeit, die Sportm&#246;glichkeiten, das reiche historische
und kulturelle Erbe und die Vielf&#228;ltigkeit der Landschaft unseres
Landes genie&#223;en.


Ich hoffe, diese Website und ihre Links werden f&#252;r alle, ob Iren
oder &#214;sterreicher, welche die Verbindungen zwischen den beiden
L&#228;ndern vertiefen m&#246;chten, n&#252;tzlich sein.


Meine Kollegen an der Botschaft von Irland und ich werden Ihnen
gerne unsere Dienste anbieten und begr&#252;&#223;en auch jedes Feedback zu
unserer Website und der Arbeit der Botschaft.


James Brennan
Botschafter von Irland

]]></description>
					<pubDate>Fri, 12 Nov 2010 16:48:07 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[The National Anthem]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52142</link>
					<description><![CDATA[The National Anthem, called The Soldier's Song was written in 1907 by Peadar Kearney, an uncle of Brendan Behan. It was first published in the newspaper, Irish Freedom in 1912, but was not widely known until it was sung at the GPO during the Easter Rising of 1916. The chorus was formally adopted as the National Anthem in 1926.You can listen to the 'Army Band' playing the National Anthem (File 1022kb).
If you would like to play the music on a musical instrument you can read the music (File 263kb) .A section of the National Anthem (consisting of the first four bars followed by the last five) is also the Presidential Salute.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[The Harp  - Ireland's National Emblem]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52141</link>
					<description><![CDATA[The official symbol or coat of arms of Ireland is the harp and has been since medieval times. The current design is based on the 'Brian Boru harp' of the 14th Century, which can be found in the museum of Trinity Colleges in the heart of Dublin.The Harp is engraved on the official seal of the President of Ireland. The President's flag consists of a golden harp (or) with silver strings (argent) on blue (azure).The harp is used by the Government, its agencies and representatives in Ireland and abroad. The harp is also featured on the reverse side of all Irish Euro coins.The 'Shamrock', a member of the clover family, is an unofficial symbol of Ireland. According to tradition St. Patrick used a shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan kings of ancient Ireland. By showing that one leaf of shamrock had three parts he was able to explain that the Christian God had three aspects to His being; God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit (the Holy Trinity).People wear a sprig of shamrock on 17th March, St. Patrick's Day, the National Day of Ireland.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Irish Flag]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52140</link>
					<description><![CDATA[The National Flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green white and orange. The flag is rectangular in shape, with its width being twice its depth. The colours are of equal size, with the green being next to the flagpole.The flag was first introduced by Thomas Francis Meagher in 1848 who based it on French tricolour.The green represents the older Gaelic tradition, while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace between the 'Orange' and the 'Green'.It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916, when it was raised above the General Post Office in Dublin, that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag, replacing older green flags.The tricolour is now the official national flag and is enshrined in the Constitution of Ireland.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Saint Patrick - Ireland's Patron Saint]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52139</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Some studies suggest that St. Patrick's real name was Maewyn Succat and that he was born at the end of the fourth century on the island of Britain (possibly Wales or Scotland). At the age of sixteen he was kidnapped by a band of pirates, and sold into slavery in Ireland, where he worked as a shepherd. After six long years of slavery he escaped to the northern coast of Gaul (modern France) where he began studies to become a priest. Here he took on the name Patrick (Patricus). According to legend, Patrick had recurrent dreams, which he interpreted as a calling from God to convert the pagans of Ireland to Christianity.In about 432 AD, Patrick arrived in Ireland, where he used the shamrock, which resembles a three-leafed clover, to help explain the concept of the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit). On one occasion, Patrick defied the High King of Ireland, by lighting a fire on top of a hill at Tara, the ancient capital of Ireland, before the High King himself. This was on the Celtic feast of Bealtaine, when tradition dictated that the High King would light the first fire, from which all others would be lit. Patrick's fire seemed to have magical powers and proved to the High King that Patrick's God was more powerful than the God's of the Druids.Patrick travelled throughout Ireland, establishing monasteries and setting up schools and churches to aid in converting the Irish country to Christianity. Legend tells us that Saint Patrick drove all the snakes out of Ireland, by forcing them into the sea where they drowned. There are no snakes in Ireland today (except in zoos).Patrick preached in Ireland for thirty years. He ended his mission in County Down and where he died on 17th March in 461 AD. That day has been commemorated as St. Patrick's Day ever since.The main St. Patrick's Day festival is held in Dublin, but St. Patrick's Day is celebrated throughout the world by Irish people and friends of Ireland. St. Patrick's Day parades take place in New York, Moscow, Munich, Vienna and many other cities throughout the world. ]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[The Taoiseach (Primeminister)]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52138</link>
					<description><![CDATA[The Taoiseach of Ireland is Bertie Ahern. The Taoiseach is the head of the Government and coordinates the work of the Ministers and their Departments of State. The Taoiseach advises and guides the other members of the Government when faced particularly with issues requiring the successful working of the Government as a collective authority responsible to D&#225;il &#201;ireann. 
The Taoiseach will set broad Government policy and keeps the President informed on domestic and international policy.The Taoiseach has certain statutory responsibilities for the reform of the law, for official statistics and for the administration of public services which are not the responsibility of any other member of the Government.If the Taoiseach feels that an issue is of great importance he/she can bring responsibility for the project within the control of the Department of the Taoiseach. For example, the Taoiseach co-ordinates the contribution to government policy on Northern Ireland and on Irelands relations to the European Union; The Department of the Taoiseach also has overall responsibility for the National Economic and Social Council, the National Economic and Social Forum, the Information Society Commission, the Government Press Service, the National Centre for Partnership and Performance and the coordination of relations with the social partners under the partnership agreements.Bertie Ahern was also Taoiseach from June 1997 to June 2002.He was T&#225;naiste (Deputy Prime Minister) November-December 1994.Minister for Finance November 1991-94.Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht November-December 1994.Minister for Industry and Commerce January 1993.Minister for Labour 1987-91.Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach and at the Department of Defence and Government Chief Whip March-December 1982.Assistant Government Whip 1980-81.Political Career:Leader of the Fianna F&#225;il Party since 1994.Fianna F&#225;il Front Bench spokesman on Labour 1984-87.Opposition Chief Whip December 1982-84.Fianna F&#225;il Front Bench spokesman on Youth 1981-82.Member of Dublin City Council 1978-88 (Lord Mayor 1986/87).First elected to the D&#225;il in 1977 for the constituency of Dublin-Finglas and has represented Dublin Central since 1981.The Taoiseach nominates the T&#225;naiste and the other members of the Government for the approval of the D&#225;il and assigns the particular Departments to the Ministers on their appointment by the President. The Taoiseach also nominates the Attorney General for appointment ]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[The President]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52137</link>
					<description><![CDATA[The Office of President was established by The Constitution (Bunreacht na h &#201;ireann). The President is elected directly by the people. To be a candidate a citizen must be over 35 years of age and must be nominated either by:

Not less than 20 members of D&#225;il or Seanad &#201;ireann, or 
Not less than 4 administrative counties (including County Boroughs)
Former or retiring Presidents may become candidates on their own nomination. 
The term of office is 7 years and a President may not serve more than 2 terms. The President must reside in or near Dublin. St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle, is the venue for Inauguration ceremonies, at which each President takes an oath as provided in the Constitution.The President represents all the people when undertaking official engagements at home and abroad. The President is Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces. There have been eight different holders of the office - Mary McAleese is the current President.
For more information please visit the official website of the President of Ireland.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Ireland in Brief]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52136</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam at erat. Nulla justo. Donec nec elit. Aliquam in lacus. Suspendisse tempus lobortis pede. Donec tincidunt ornare enim. Aenean lobortis neque. Nulla purus leo, porttitor at, dictum at, ullamcorper sed, arcu. Etiam consectetuer feugiat leo. Maecenas molestie leo quis libero. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vestibulum vitae elit ac justo malesuada vehicula. Mauris dui. Ut consequat. Etiam suscipit eleifend massa. Sed risus lacus, sodales at, pellentesque in, porta ac, mi.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Schülerecke - Old]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52135</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Welcome to the School Project Corner!
We hope that this section of our site helps you to learn more about Ireland! Click on the links in the left navigation to find out about various aspects of Ireland.]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Nützliche Links]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52134</link>
					<description><![CDATA[This section of the website provides various useful links for travellers to Ireland. 
Useful Links for Travellers to Ireland 
For information about working and living in Ireland 

Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform 
Revenue Commissioners 
Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment 
Immigrant Council of Ireland 
For information about studying in Ireland 

International Education Board Ireland 
Union of Students in Ireland 
For information about visiting Ireland as a tourist 

Tourism Ireland 
National Tourism Development Authority 
Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism 
Shannon Development 
For information about establishing a business in Ireland 

Industrial Development Authority 
Enterprise Ireland 
Shannon Development 
An Bord Bia 
Bord Iascaigh Mhara – Sea Fisheries Board 
Ask Ireland 
Please consult the authorities of your own country about any aspects of travelling abroad which they regulate. ]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
				</item>			
			
				<item>
					<title><![CDATA[Travel between Ireland & X ]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52133</link>
					<description><![CDATA[please insert local content here

Thumbnail below to be linked to local language site of discoverireland.com]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Travel Advice]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52132</link>
					<description><![CDATA[TRAVEL INSURANCE 
The Department of Foreign Affairs strongly recommends that comprehensive travel insurance, including medical insurance, is obtained before travelling to Germany.Travellers should note that the Irish government does not provide funds for emergency medical repatriation or for repatriation of remains. 
You should also obtain a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) free of charge which entitles you to emergency medical treatment. This card is NOT a substitute for travel insurance. See www.ehic.ie. The EHIC replaces the Form E111, which is no longer valid. 
ENTRY REQUIREMENTS 
For entry requirements for Germany, please contact the nearest German Embassy or Consulate. 
It is advisable to take a number of photocopies of your passport with you.During your stay you should carry a photocopy of your passport at all times. 
SAFETY &amp;amp; SECURITY 
You should be aware of the global risk of indiscriminate terrorist attacks, which could be against civilian targets, including places frequented by foreigners. 
CRIME 
You should take normal, sensible precautions to avoid mugging, bag‑snatching and pickpocketing. 
LOCAL LAWS &amp;amp; CUSTOMS 
You should carry your valid passport with you at all times. German police have the right to ask to see identification. 
HEALTH 
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)The Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitute / Federal Research Institute for animal health has confirmed outbreaks of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) in wild birds throughout Germany. The first case in domestic poultry was confirmed in Saxony on 5 April 2006. The H5N1 virus has also been found in at least three dead cats and a stone marten. No human infections or deaths have been reported.The risk to humans from Avian Influenza is believed to be very low. As a precaution you should avoid visiting live animal markets, poultry farms and other places where you may come into close contact with domestic, caged or wild birds; and ensure poultry and egg dishes are thoroughly cooked. 
For further advice and information, please see our section on Avian Influenza. 
DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR MISSIONSIN GERMANY 
Contact details for all Irish Missions (including Honorary COnsuls) inGermany, are available here. (Opens in new window) 
 ]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Living & Working in X]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52131</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Content to be inserted here]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Some useful Irish Words and Phrases]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52125</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Mini-Course in Irish
Verb 'to be' 




English
Irish

I am Bettina
Is mise Bettina

Who are you?
C&#233; h&#233; tusa?

Are you Gunther? Yes/No
An tusa Gunther? Is m&#233;/N&#237; m&#233;

Are you a teacher? Yes/No
An m&#250;inteoir t&#250;? Is ea/N&#237; hea

Are you tired? Yes/No
An bhfuil tuirse ort? T&#225;/N&#237;l

Are you here every day? Yes/No
An mb&#237;onn t&#250; anseo gach l&#225;? B&#237;m/n&#237; bh&#237;m
Verb 'to have'




English
Irish

Have you a book? Yes/No
An bhfuil leabhar agat? T&#225;/N&#237;
Numerals




English
Irish

one
a haon

two
a d&#243;

three
a tr&#237;

four
a ceathair

five
a c&#250;ig

six
a s&#233;

seven
a seacht

eight
a hocht

nine
a naoi

ten
a deich
Greetings




English
Irish

Hello!
Dia dhuit!

Hello!
Dia is Muire dhuit!

Goodbye!
Sl&#225;n
Polite Words




English
Irish

Thank you (very much)
Go raibh (m&#237;le) maith agat

Cheers!
Sl&#225;inte!
Necessary Phrases 




English
Irish

Where is the ....?
C&#225; bhfuil an ....?

Train Station
St&#225;isi&#250;n na Traenach

Bus Station
Bus&#225;ras

Phone
F&#243;n

Caf&#233;
Caife Idirl&#237;n

Bank
Banc

What time is it?
C&#233;n t-am &#233;?

How much?
C&#233; mh&#233;ad?

How are you?
Conas t&#225; t&#250;?

What is that?
Cad &#233; sin?

I don't speak your language
N&#237;l do theanga agam

I don't know
N&#237;l a fhios agam

I don't understand
N&#237; thuigim

I love you
Mo ghr&#225; th&#250;
Other necessary words
bread - ar&#225;nmilk - bainneand - agusfriend - caralanguage - teangalearn - foghlaimanswer - freagairask - fiafraigh/iarrfather - athairmother - m&#225;thairlove - gr&#225;

]]></description>
					<pubDate>Thu, 06 Sep 2007 13:18:52 UTC</pubDate>
		
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					<title><![CDATA[Irish Language]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52124</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Introduction
The Irish language is the national and first official language of Ireland, the other official language being English. Irish is one of the three 'Gaelic' languages, but referring to it as 'Gaelic', 'G&#228;lisch','gaelique' etc. is generally considered derogatory, or designed to emphasise its peripheral role in present-day Ireland, by Irish speakers. Irish has been spoken in Ireland for over 2,500 years, and is the language from which most Irish placenames and surnames derive:Dublin &amp;lt; Dubh-linn, meaning 'black pool' (the city's name in modern Irish is Baile &#193;tha Cliath, 'the town of the ford of the hurdles'); Belfast &amp;lt; B&#233;al Feirste, ' sea-inlet of the sandbanks'; Derry &amp;lt; Doire Cholm Cille, 'the oak-grove of St. Colm Cille; Kennedy &amp;lt; &#211; Cinn&#233;ide, 'ugly head'; or MacDonald &amp;lt; Mac D&#243;naill, 'son of D&#243;nall', etc..Irish is the ancestral language of the 70-million-strong Irish diaspora, and of most Scots, throughout the world.As regards Northern Ireland, the parties to the Belfast Agreement of 10 April 1998 agreed that the British Government will 'take resolute action to promote the language', both through recognising its status and providing financial assistance, in areas ranging from television and film to Irish-medium education. It is a treaty but not an official working language of the European Union and, as such, appears on all EU passports. On 14 July 2004 the Irish Government decided to seek EU official working language status for Irish, and the process of examining the implications of this began within the EU in November 2004. The Treaty of Amsterdam gave the right to Irish speakers to write to the EU institutions in Irish and to receive a reply in that language.
Nature and Development of Irish
Irish and its offshoots, Scottish Gaelic and Manx, constitute the Gaelic or Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages. Welsh, Cornish and Breton and the now extinct Gaulish (the language spoken in France, then called Gaul, before the country was invaded by Caesar's Roman legions) form the Brythonic or Brittonic group, and all Celtic languages form part of the Indo-European family of languages. Related Celtic languages were spoken by the Galatians in Anatolia (modern Turkey) to whom St. Paul wrote his letters; and in the Polish Galicja and Spanish Galicia, giving some idea of the vast area peopled by the Celts in the pre-Christian era.Our earliest evidence for Irish is to be found in ogham inscriptions (a system of writing used mainly on stone or wood, based on vertical and slanted strokes corresponding to the Latin letters, and in the words of Professor David Greene dating from 'a time not much before the fourth century A.D.'. The language is usually divided into the following periods: Old Irish AD c. 650-900, Middle Irish c. 900-c.1200, Early Modern Irish c. 1200 - c. 1600, Late Modern Irish c. 1600 -.From the Old Irish period until the 13th century the language underwent a prolonged period of regularization and simplification. Although they had existed in the language since earliest times, dialects do not come into view to any degree until the 17th century. This is because the literary standard language was common to the entire Gaelic-speaking area, which for over a thousand years consisted of all of Ireland, most of Scotland, and the Isle of Man. Irish migration to northern Britain had begun even before the Roman withdrawal in 410 A.D., but the process of Irish expansion gathered momentum after the establishment of the kingdom of D&#225;l Riata around 500 A.D. In 843 A.D. Cineadh Mac Ailpin, king of the Irish-speaking people in northern Britain, gained accession to the kingship of the Picts, effectively becoming king of what we now call Scotland. Indeed the medieval Latin word 'Scotus' meant simply an Irish speaker, as evidenced by the name of the 9th century philosopher at the court of Charles the Bald, Johannes Scotus Eriugena (Latin 'born in Ireland'). 
Some Linguistic Properties of Irish, Compared with Other Languages
Irish and indeed the Celtic languages in general are very unlike other European languages in syntax and idiom. Irish lacks any single words for 'yes' or 'no', the question being repeated instead. Thus the answer to 'Did you see him'? is either Chonaic ('I saw') or N&#237; fhaca ('I did not see'). Irish does not emphasize by use of intonation, as in English, but by bringing the item to be emphasized to the head of its clause after the copula (one of the verbs 'to be): 'I don't live in Belfast any more' is rendered N&#237; i mB&#233;al Feirste at&#225; c&#243;na&#237; orm a thuilleadh (lit. 'It is not in Belfast that dwelling is on-me any more'). Similarly 'Do you want a stamp'? is An stampa at&#225; uait?, literally 'Is it a stamp that is from-you'? Irish is a noun-centred language where English tends to be verb-centred: 'she slept' is expressed in Irish by bh&#237; s&#237; ina codladh, 'she was in her sleeping'; 'I am very hungry' is t&#225; ocras m&#243;r orm , 'there is a great hunger on me'; 'you owe me a pound' is t&#225; punt agat orm, 'there is a pound at you on me' or 'you have a pound on me'.The distinction in Polish between ona jest and ona bywa ('she is' and 'she habitually is' or 'she is in the habit of being'), i.e. between the present and present habitual tenses, corresponds exactly to the Irish t&#225; s&#237; and b&#237;onn s&#237;. This distinction is not found verbally in English, French, German, Spanish or Italian, but is present in other Celtic languages such as Welsh, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, and in other Slavic languages. There are effectively 3 forms of the verb 'to be', for example:I am Irish: Is Gael m&#233;.I am tired: T&#225; tuirse orm (lit. 'is tiredness on me')I am here every day: B&#237;m anseo gach l&#225;.The is/t&#225; distinction corresponds almost exactly to the difference between the Spanish verbs ser/estar.Both Slavic languages and Irish have a fondness for palatalisation: the palatal quality of the consonant 'n' in the Polish word nie corresponds to the 'n' of the Irish word n&#237;l, 'there is not', and the palatalised initial consonant of the Russian d'ec-yat' (ten) is the same as the initial consonant of the Irish deich. Irish has no verb 'to have', and Russian avoids the use of this verb, e.g.English: I have a book.Irish: T&#225; leabhar agam, lit. 'is book with-me'Russian: U m'eny&#225; kny&#237;ga. 'with me book'.In addition, the Russian equivalents for the words 'push' and 'pull' on doors are exact equivalents, both avoid the use of verbs, viz.Irish: push= 'uait', lit. 'from you'; pull='chugat', lit. 'to you'.Russian: push= 'at cyiby&#225;', lit. 'from you'; pull= 'kcyi-by&#233;', lit. 'to you'.Finally a number of verbal endings, such as the first person singular, present tense, and the second person singular, past tense, are pronounced similarly in both Irish and Polish:Polish: jestem (I am now) bywam (I am usually) bylas' (you were)Irish: t&#225;im (I am now) b&#237;m (I am usually) bh&#237;s (you were)Irish, like Greek, Hebrew, and Esperanto, has only one article, the definite, singular an and plural na. Initial mutations in Irish are quite complex and the following is merely one example to illustrate the phenomenon. The singular article changes the initial consonant of feminine nouns: bean, pronounced /ban/, 'a woman', an bhean, pronounced /on van/, the woman'; it prefixes a 't' to masculine nouns beginning with a vowel: asal, 'donkey', an t-asal. The changes which occur at the beginning of Irish words are as complex as Polish 'konc&#243;wki'!A further feature which distinguishes Irish and the other Celtic languages from all other Indo-European languages (although it is a feature shared with Arabic and Hebrew) is the existence of what are called prepositional pronouns. Prepositions combine with personal pronouns, e.g. ar, 'on' + m&#233; = orm, 'on me'; le, 'with' + s&#237;, 'she' = l&#233;i, 'with her'; &#243;, 'from' + s&#233;, 'he' = uaidh, 'from him'.Although Irish was not much cultivated during the 19th century, its status as an official language since 1922 has helped to modernize it. All writers now employ the Caighde&#225;n Oifigi&#250;il or Official Standard, a regularized spelling and grammar developed by the translation staff or the Oireachtas, the Irish Parliament. The terminological committees of the Department of Education have over the years provided speakers of Irish with technical vocabulary in a wide range of subjects. The Gaeltacht radio service, Raidi&#243; na Gaeltachta, and since 1996 the Irish language television service TG4, have disseminated much modern terminology as well as familiarizing native speakers with dialects other than their own.The first decision of the first government of the Irish Free State in 1922 was that all elementary and second-level schools should teach Irish to all pupils for at least one hour per day. Additionally all work for the first two years of primary school was to be in Irish only. The number of individuals and families who speak Irish, particularly in Dublin and Belfast, is slowly but constantly growing.
Literature in Irish
The Irish language produced the oldest written literature north of the Alps, and has an unbroken literary tradition of over 14 centuries: the oldest text which can be dated with certainty, the Amra Choluim Cille, the life of St. Colm Cille, was written in 597 A.D. Ireland thus has the oldest vernacular literature in western Europe. The earliest writings in Irish, consisting of glosses or explanations of the Latin gospels, and sometimes amusing poems written in their margins, may be seen at the University Library in W&#252;rzburg, Germany.The present state of Irish literature is anomalous since the reading public for Irish is small, but the output in both verse and prose is relatively large (around 130 new titles appear each year). The contemporary literature is varied in content and much of it compares favourably with writing in English in Ireland. The 12-volume French language 'Patrimoine litt&#233;raire europ&#233;en' (Europe's Literary Heritage), edited in 1992 by Prof. Jean-Claude Polet of l'Universit&#233; Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, an anthology of European literature from the Atlantic to the Urals and from the beginning of written literature to the 20th Century, devotes 4.89% of its content to literature in the Irish language.
The use of Irish Today
The first decision of the first government of the Irish Free State in 1922 was that each primary and secondary school should teach Irish for at least one hour per day to all pupils. In addition, all of the work of the first two years at primary schools was to be conducted in Irish. Today the number of habitual Irish speakers is a small fraction of the total population, and in its Gaeltacht heartland is under unremitting pressure from English.Yet, as Prof. Joe Lee wrote, 'the seemingly inevitable victory of the big battalions continues to be postponed', for centuries, one might add. Asked if the Irish language was dying, the greatest Irish language prose writer in the 20th Century, the late M&#225;irt&#237;n &#211; Cadhain replied: 'Yes, it has been dying for over 400 years.' An important factor in maintaining Irish as the everyday language of the Gaeltacht is the negative influence of incoming English-speaking families. Recent planning law has shown an increasing awareness by the State of its responsibility for the linguistic as well as the physical environment, and the need to protect the Gaeltacht from the uncontrolled influx of English-speakers. Through the Gaeltacht, or English-speaking part of the country, both the prestige of Irish, and the number who habitually speak it, particularly in Dublin and Belfast, continues to grow.Since the achievement of independent Irish statehood the State has made various provisions for the maintenance and promotion of the language. Efforts to revive the language as the first spoken language were not successful. They faced the difficulties that by the time independence was achieved Irish was very much a minority language, nearly all of the speakers of which were competent in English, and that the Gaeltacht areas in which it was still spoken as the preferred community language (mainly on the western seaboard) were quite small. However, all surveys show that a large majority of the population today values the Irish language as Ireland's only national language and as an important part of the national heritage.In a national sample survey conducted by the Linguistics Institute of Ireland in 1993, 9% said that they had used Irish in a conversation in the past week; 13% spoke Irish at home at least occasionally, while 71% never did; 5% spoke Irish at work (2% at least weekly and 3% less than weekly; 12% watched programmes in Irish on TV daily or a few times weekly while 28% watched them less often and 60% never watched TV programmes in Irish. Some 15% listened to Raidi&#243; na Gaeltachta (4% daily or a few times weekly and 11% less often); 15% listened to other radio programmes in Irish; 16% read Irish language columns in daily newspapers (5% daily or a few times weekly and 11% less often); 7% read books in Irish (1% daily or a few times weekly and 6% less often).The 2002 Census showed 1.54 million people, or 43%, claiming a knowledge of Irish, but only 73,000, or 2.6% of the population (apart from schoolchildren who use it in school), speaking it daily. A hopeful sign is that among pre-school children, aged 3-4, i.e. those not yet attending school, the percentage speaking Irish daily is 5.4%. It is very significant that among children aged 3-4, the percentage speaking Irish daily increased from 4.6% in 1996 to 5.4% in 2002.The Official Languages Act, 2003 guarantees the right of all Irish citizens to communicate with the State in either Irish or English, and provides mechanisms to ensure that this right is respected by public officials. It also provided for the simultaneous publication of important official documents such as annual reports or policy statement in both languages. A new development is provision for a complaints mechanism for citizens who believe their right to use Irish has been ignored, and penalties for state and semi-state bodies and individual officials who are found not to have shown due respect for the national language.There are 235 primary schools and 37 secondary schools in Ireland which teach the national curriculum through Irish only. The primary schools are attended by around 29,000 pupils and the secondary schools are attended by around 9,000 pupils. In Northern Ireland around 2,500 pupils receive their education through Irish in 2 secondary schools, 18 primary schools and 39 pre-schools.According to Nielsen, the organisation which researches television viewership in Ireland, the Irish language television service TG4 has a reach of over 800,000 viewers on average each night and a share of over 3.5% of television viewers during peak viewing hours. Raidi&#243; na Gaeltachta broadcasts nationally from Gaeltacht areas, and Raidi&#243; na Life is Dublin's Irish language radio service.Some 130 new titles annually, 1 daily newspaper (published in Belfast, Northern Ireland!), one weekly newspaper and a number of monthly magazines are published in Irish, and Irish language columns appear regularly in the English-language press.Further information about the Irish language today can be found on the websites of the Irish language promotion body Foras na Gaeilge (www.forasnagaeilge.ie) and the Irish language television station TG4 (www.tg4.ie).
Hiberno-English
The influence of Irish on Hiberno-English, the English spoken in Ireland, is considerable, whether we are dealing with pronunciation, syntax or morphology. Hiberno-English tends to have pure vowel sounds, as in Irish, Polish and most Continental languages, making it easier to pronounce, and clearer, for foreign learners of English. It avoids the diphthongisation of RP English. For example, the three words 'cap, cup, carp'are pronounced quite distinctly in Hiberno-English, whereas to the Continental ear they tend to sound the same in the RP (Received Pronunciation) which is the prestige variety of spoken English in England (used by about 2 % of the population of England, according to Professor David Crystal's Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language).In syntax the more flexible Irish word order is reflected in Hiberno-English in such phrases as 'is it to Cork you are going tomorrow?' or 'is it tomorrow you are going to Cork?', depending on the element it is desired to stress. Standard English tends to have a more rigid word order, using only voice inflection to stress particular elements of a sentence. Incidentally, the Irish, or more generally Celtic, flexibility in word order is reflected in French 'C'est demain que tu vas &#224; Cork?', and it is now increasingly recognised that French word order has been far more influenced by its Gaulish predecessor than had hitherto been supposed.The range of verbal possibilities in Hiberno-English is also increased by its adoption of non-standard patterns, deriving from Irish, in its verbal system (e.g. 'I do be', to compensate for the absence of a habitual present tense in English (see below) or 'I was after getting married', influenced by the Irish bh&#237;os tar &#233;is p&#243;sadh, 'I was after marrying'.Many Irish idioms survive in Hiberno-English: 'Tis true for you' (is f&#237;or duit); 'Not a bother on me' (n&#237; gear&#225;nta dom), 'he was putting in on me' (bh&#237; s&#233; ag cur isteach orm) for 'he was interfering with me'; 'he's very near himself' (gar d&#243; f&#233;in) for 'he's very selfish'; 'who is the bike with?' (c&#233; leis an rothar?) for 'who owns the bike?', 'is it yourself that's in it?' (an t&#250; f&#233;in at&#225; ann?) for 'is it you?', etc.
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					<title><![CDATA[Pet Travel]]></title>
					<link>http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52123</link>
					<description><![CDATA[Bringing Dogs and Cats to Ireland
Ireland has been free of rabies for over one hundred years. To maintain this status, national legislation required all pet dogs or cats brought into Ireland - other than pets coming from the UK, which is also free of rabies - to undergo six months quarantine. However, from 3 July 2004, a new harmonised system covering the non-commercial movement of pet dogs and cats has now been agreed for all of the European Union. Under this new system it is now possible, subject to certain conditions, to bring pet dogs and cats directly into Ireland from a range of qualifying countries deemed low risk for rabies.For detailed information pertaining to this scheme, please refer to the EU Pet Passport section of the Department of Agriculture and Food. This contains comprehensive guidance and should answer all questions regarding taking dogs and cats to Ireland. Please take time to read the information in full. If, having read the complete pack, you still have any questions, please contact the EU Pet Travel helpline at:Animal Health and Welfare DivisionDepartment of Agriculture and Food Floor 6 EastAgriculture HouseKildare StreetDublin 2IrelandTel.: +353 (0)1 6072827E-mail: pets@agriculture.gov.ieWebsite: www.agriculture.gov.ie/pets
Bringing Other Pets to Ireland
Further information regarding the importation of pets (other than dogs and cats) to Ireland is available from:Animal Health and Welfare DivisionDepartment of Agriculture and FoodAgriculture HouseKildare StreetDublin 2IrelandTel.: +353 (0)1 607 2862Fax: +353 (0)1 661 9031]]></description>
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